What’s the Issue? Stasis Theory as a Tool for Inventing Arguments

The word “argument” sometimes conjures ideas of fighting irreconcilably, where one side has to win ruthlessly to be successful, and the other side must be pummeled.

Photo by Gratisography on Pexels.com

As a rhetorician, I’d like us to shift this understanding of argument to consider how argument can make meaning persuasively, presenting a careful case to help others listen, and maybe even to effect their thinking. To prepare to make a strong argument–one that will inspire someone who doesn’t necessarily agree to listen–stasis theory can help.

Work together to define stasis*

*See Chapter 3 in ARCS and add collective notes here.

Using the commonly framed debate between pro-choice or pro-life positions, we’ll use “the four questions” (ARCS 63) to move towards stasis on that issue. After this collaborative exercise, you’ll work independently (or in pairs) to achieve stasis with the same four questions on the issue you identified in Blog Post 2.

Homework

Read Chapter 3 “Achieving Stasis by Asking the Right Questions” (ARCS 56-87).

Research. Building on the issue you identified in Blog Post 2, use the four questions (ARCS 63) to achieve stasis on your issue. Develop at least two propositions or arguments to answer each question. Write down all the propositions you can think of, even the wildest and most imaginative, even those with which you do not necessarily align yourself. You are also responsible for citing at least two sources that represent different approaches to the issue. THIS IS DUE AS BLOG POST 3 BEFORE CLASS NEXT MONDAY, 9/23.

Opportunity for Apology?

Why not kick off our first Monday afternoon of the fall semester with a Demi Lovato video?! As you watch Lovato’s “Sorry, Not Sorry,” think about what’s going on here. Who is the rhetor (or speaker) in this situation? Who is the intended audience? What is the purpose of this video? And what is its exigence (or urgency)?

But is Demi Lovato sorry?

Culturally, this video reads as an empowering anthem. Forbes writer Hugh McIntyre claims, “For any other singer, such boasting in the face of what sounds like a former, scorned lover might be obnoxious, but the pop singer has been very vocal about her struggles with self-confidence and her own mental health, so hearing this from her in a song is truly wonderful.” In other words, Lovato demonstrates that she can remain strong in the face of cultural pressure to always appear vulnerable.

In class together, we also considered how Lovato’s purpose, audience, and even her persona as rhetor change when the entire rhetorical situation changes. Notice how the boastful and dismissive tone of her video above is revised for Lovato’s performance of the same song at the American Music Awards:

What Lovato does in “Sorry, Not Sorry” actually isn’t that new. An example of this sort of pseudo-apology in classical rhetoric is Plato’s “Apology of Socrates.”

So what is an apology when it’s not an apology? And under what conditions does the purpose of such message change from being empowering to shirking responsibility?

IN-CLASS WRITING: Think of your past experiences with apologies. When have you given, or received, an apology that felt like a sorry-not-sorry, or pseudo-apology? Who was the rhetor (or speaker) of the apology? Who was the audience? What was the purpose of this apology? And what was its exigence (or why was it urgent)? Finally, were there any other affects of the apology that you want to share?

HOMEWORK: Listen to “Apology” on the podcast Still Processing by Jenna Wortham and Wesley Morris (NOTE: this podcast aired in January 2019, so it refers to cultural events that were very contemporary at that time. Also, make sure you listen until the very last minute, because if you’re anything like me, you’ll cry.) Read Chapter 2 in Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students (ARCS). Post Blog Post 1! Revise your in-class writing to be a minimum of 500 words, integrating evidence from any of the assigned texts so far (Lovato, Plato, Wortham & Morris, ARCS). I also invite you bring in other contemporary cultural examples of apologies.

Create Your Own Blog

Your homework for Monday 9/9 is to OBTAIN OUR TEXTBOOK, Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students by Crowley & Hawhee, and to create your own blog.

Register for a free blog at wordpress.com

When you sign-up at WordPress, you will be asked to create a title for your blog and web address (or URL). Don’t panic over these initial steps. You can always make changes later. The important thing is to register at WordPress and begin drafting a site where you will compose for this course.

Start Composing Design Elements

Add a photo header! Compose an About page! For now, just play. We’ll come back to design elements by next class to develop your site.

Share Your URL

Email your WordPress URL to me at andrea.r.efthymiou@hofstra.edu so I can include it on our BlogRoll.